Kraken Review

Updated: January 2021

Year Established	July 2011
Founder(s)	Jesse Powell
Reputable Investors	Yes, Click here
Headquarters	United States
Available Countries	Worldwide (except Afghanistan, Cuba, Guinea-Bissau, Iran, Iraq, Japan, North Korea and Tajikistan. In the USA, residents of Washington and New York are currently banned)
Regulated	Yes, FinCEN (USA), FINTRAC (Canada) and Kraken Futures by the FCA (UK)
Verification	KYC Verification
Compensation Scheme	No
Margin	Available; up to 5x leverage on Bitcoin
Built-In Wallet	Available
Supports	Fiat to Crypto, Crypto to Fiat, Crypto to Crypto
Deposit Methods	Wire Transfer, Bank Transfer, Crypto
Deposit Fees	Most crypto-to-crypto deposits are free (although there are a few exceptions)
Minimum Deposit	Varies from coin to coin
Trading Fees	Starts from Maker @ 0.16% & Taker @ 0.26%
Withdrawal Fees	Varies

Disclaimer: All of the content written on CoinMarketExpert is unbiased and based on objective analysis. The information provided on this page should not be construed as an endorsement of cryptocurrency, a service provider or offering and should neither be considered a solicitation to buy or trade cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrencies carry substantial risk and are not suitable for everyone. Although CoinMarketExpert does its best to provide you with accurate and relevant information which is updated regularly, we also recommend you to visit Kraken.com for any updates that may have occurred afterwards. See further disclaimer located at the bottom of the page.

Table of contents

Fiat and cryptocurrencies supported by Kraken
How much does Kraken charge?
Is Kraken safe to use?
Kraken Platform and Tools
Kraken Customer Support
Countries Supported by Kraken
How to Buy Bitcoin on Kraken
Our Verdict on Kraken

Fiat and cryptocurrencies supported by Kraken

Kraken allows users from almost all countries over the world to convert fiat currencies into various cryptocurrencies. The fiat currencies that are currently supported by Kraken are:

• US Dollars (USD)
• Japanese Yen (JPY)
• Canadian Dollars (CAD)
• British Pounds (GBP)
• Euros (EUR)
• Swiss Franc (CHF)

Since Kraken supports fiat currencies, you do not need to visit third party crypto exchange or wallet to convert your fiat currency into crypto. You can simply go straight to Kraken and start trading. And on Kraken you may also convert your fiat currency to another.

Whilst Kraken supports JPY fiat currency, it is important to note the crypto exchange withdrew from Japan in April 2018 due to rising regulatory costs. At the time Kraken had indicated that it may return to Japan in the future and claimed the suspension of activity in Japan would only affect Japanese residents, not Japanese customers outside of the country (hence the reason why they continue to support JPY).

Meanwhile, Kraken currently supports 31 cryptocurrencies:

1. Augur (REP)

2. Basic Attention Token (BAT)

3. Bitcoin (XBT)

4. Bitcoin Cash (BCH)

5. Cardano (ADA)

6. Chainlink (LINK)

7. Cosmos (ATOM)

8. Dash (DASH)

9. Dai (DAI)

10. Dogecoin (XDG)

11. EOS (EOS)

12. Ether (ETH)

13. Ether Classic (ETC)

14. Gnosis (GNO)

15. ICON (ICX)

16. Lisk (LSK)

17. Litecoin (LTC)

18. Monero (XMR)

19. Nano (NANO)

20. OmiseGo (OMG)

21. PAX Gold (PAXG)

22. Qtum (QTUM)

23. Ripple (XRP)

24. Siacoin (SC)

25. Stellar Lumens (XLM)

26. Tether USD (USDT)

27. Tezos (XTZ)

28. USD Coin (USDC)

29. Watermelon (MLN)

30. Waves (WAVES)

31. Zcash (ZEC)

Kraken is actively increasing the number of digital assets that are available for trading. To check the cryptocurrencies Kraken currently supports together with their fiat trading pairs, click here.

How much does Kraken charge?

There are numerous charges you should be aware of such as buying and selling fees, setup charges as well as deposit on withdrawal fees.

Kraken buying and selling fees

Kraken operates a maker/take fee structure whereby the exchange charges a percentage of each trade you make (to buy) and take (to sell), with charges varying according to the volumes and the types of digital assets that you trade.

The exchange generates income through the spread, which si the difference Kraken charges makers (buyers) and takers (sellers).

The standard charge for the maker (buyer) is 0.16% and 0.26% for the taker (seller) for transactions worth between $0 – $50,000 and executed over a running 30-day period. If you trade more, the fees become progressively cheaper:

Trading Fees (30-day volume)	Maker Fee	Taker Fee
$0-$50,000	0.16%	0.26%
$50,001-$100,000	0.14%	0.24%
$100,001-$250,000	0.12%	0.22%
$250,001-$500,000	0.10%	0.20%
$500,001-$1,000,000	0.08%	0..18%
$1,000,001-$2,500,000	0.06%	0.16%
$2,500,001-$5,000,000	0.04%	0.14%
$5,000,001-$10,000,000	0.02%	0.12%
$10,000,000+	0.00%	0.10%

In essence, the fee schedule is purposely built to encourage traders to engage with the market and to drive maximum liquidity on the exchange.

Separate fees are available for stablecoin trades, dark pool trades, and margin trading. Margin charges range from 0.01% to 0.02% as an opening fee, with a rollover fee of 0.01% to 0.02% charged every 4 hours.

To know the precise maker/taker fees for the various digital assets, simply click here. On this page, you will also find Kraken’s charges for trading stablecoins, dark pools as well as the fees for margin trading.

Kraken address setup fees

It is important to note Kraken currently charges a one-time address setup fee on 10 cryptocurrencies. The setup fee is levied on first-time deposits for creating a new deposit address. Notwithstanding, there are many cryptocurrencies that do not incur any charge whatsoever.

The list below shows only the list of digital assets that carry an address setup fee:

Cryptocurrencies	Address Setup Fee
Augur	0.1 REP
Basic Attention Token	6 BAT
Chainlink	0.6 LINK
Dai	0.5 DAI
Gnosis	0.07 GNO
OmiseGo	0.8 OMG
PAX Gold	0.0005 PAXG
Tezos	0.05 XTZ
USD Coin	0.5 USDC
Waltermelon	0.25 MLN

A full list of the address setup fees may be found on Kraken’s website, here.

Kraken deposit methods and fees

Fiat currency deposit methods and charges

Since the crypto exchange supports fiat currencies, as mentioned earlier, it is possible to deposit fiat currencies directly to Kraken via bank or wire transfer.

The deposit fee deducted by the Kraken exchange varies according to the method of transfer and the fiat currency. For example:

Fiat Currency	Method	Charges
Euro (EUR)	SEPA (Fidor) bank transfer	FREE
British Pound (GBP)	BACS bank transfer	£1.95
US Dollar (USD)	Normal Fedwire transfer	$5
Canadian Dollar (CAD)	Domestic wire transfer	FREE
Swiss Franc (CHF)	Bank Frick transfer	CHF 0.15
Japanese Yen (JPY)	SWIFT transfer	US$35 charge in JPY

In addition to the above, Kraken’s supports other types of bank/wire transfers. A comprehensive list may be found here.

Does Kraken accept cash, card and Paypal deposits?

No, although Canadian residents are the exception. Kraken supports cash and debit card deposits (in-person) for Canadian Dollars (CAD) via their Canada Post partnership. However, for all other fiat currencies (USD, EUR, GBP, JPY), Kraken does not currently accept cash, debit cards, credit cards, PayPal, or similar services.

Crypto-to-crypto deposit charges

It is much cheaper to deposit using cryptocurrencies, as the majority do not incur any deposit fees. There are nonetheless a few exceptions were a deposit fee is applicable on crypto-to-crypto deposits. These are:

Cryptocurrencies	Deposit Fees
Basic Attention Token	4 BAT
Chainlink	0.6 LINK
Cosmos	0.1 ATOM
Dai	0.5 DAI
Ether	Small fee to move into Kraken's wallet
Ether Classic	Small fee to move into Kraken's wallet
ICON	0.02 ICX
Lisk	0.1 LSK
OmiseGo	0.7 OMG
PAX Gold	0.001 PAXG + 0.02% to Paxos
Tezos	0.05 XTZ
USD Coin	0.5 USDC
WAVES	0.003 WAVES

Kraken may change the fees from time to time. To check these fees, visit Kraken’s website, here.

Kraken minimum deposit requirements

Fiat minimum deposits

It is possible to transfer fiat currency to Kraken exchange via bank transfer, and the minimum amounts that may currently be transferred are as follows:

Fiat Currency	Method	Minimum Deposit
Euro (EUR)	SEPA (Fidor) bank transfer	€1
British Pound (GBP)	BACS bank transfer	£100
US Dollar (USD)	Normal Fedwire transfer	US$20
Canadian Dollar (CAD)	Domestic wire transfer	CAD $125
Swiss Franc (CHF)	Bank Frick transfer	CHF 100
Japanese Yen (JPY)	SWIFT transfer	JPY 15,000

In addition to the above, Kraken’s supports other types of bank/wire transfers, and depending on the method chosen, different minimum deposit for fiat currency would apply. A comprehensive list may be found here.

Crypto-to-crypto minimum deposits

Be aware that for each crypto deposit, Kraken imposes a minimum requirement. This means that if you are depositing via crypto, and you deposit less than the required minimum, the funds will not be credited to your account!

In the greater scheme of things, the minimum deposit requirement for crypto is fairly low, although it does vary according to the type of cryptocurrency. For example, the minimum deposit for Bitcoin (XBT) is 0.0001 whilst for Ether is it 0.05 ETH.

Cryptocurrencies	Deposit Minimum
Augur	0.1 REP
Basic Attention Token	10 BAT
Bitcoin	0.0001 XBT
Bitcoin Cash	0.0001 BCH
Cardano	1 ADA
Chainlink	1.5 LINK
Cosmos	1 ATOM
DASH	0.0001 DASH
Dai	1 DAI
Dogecoin	NONE
EOS	0.01 EOS
Ether	0.05 ETH
Ether Classic	0.2 ETC
Gnosis	0.1 GNO
ICON	0.03 ICX
Lisk	1 LSK
Litecoin	0.0001 LTC
Monero	0.00001 XMR
Nano	0.1 NANO
OmiseGo	1.5 OMG
PAX Gold	0.01 PAXG
Qtum	0.005 QTUM
Ripple	0.00001 XRP
Siacoin	2 SC
Stellar Lumens	0.00001 XLM
Tether USD	1 USDT
Tezos	0.2 XTZ
USD Coin	1 USDC
Watermelon	0.1 MLN
WAVES	0.01 WAVES
Zcash	0.0001 ZEC

From time to time Kraken may change the minimum deposits. A full list is available here.

Kraken withdrawal methods and fees

Fiat currency withdrawal charges

The withdrawal fee deducted by the Kraken exchange depends on the method of payment and the fiat currency:

Fiat Currency	Method	Withdrawal Charge
Euro (EUR)	SEPA (Fidor) bank transfer	€0.09
British Pound (GBP)	BACS bank transfer	£1.95
US Dollar (USD)	Normal Fedwire transfer	$5
Canadian Dollar (CAD)	EFT	0.25%
Swiss Franc (CHF)	Bank Frick transfer	CHF 1
Japanese Yen (JPY)	SWIFT transfer	US$35 charge in JPY

Further to the above, Kraken’s supports other types of bank withdrawl methods, and depending on the method chosen, different minimum withdrawal fees will apply. You may check Kraken’s fiat withdrawal fees together with the processing times, here.

Crypto-to-crypto withdrawal charges

It is much cheaper to withdraw using cryptocurrencies. The following table provides a breakdown of the crypto withdrawal fees that are charged by Kraken:

Cryptocurrencies	Withdrawal Charge
Augur	0.01 REP
Basic Attention Token	4 BAT
Bitcoin	0.0005 XBT
Bitcoin Cash	0.0001 BCH
Cardano	0.6 ADA
Chainlink	0.6 LINK
Cosmos	0.1 ATOM
DASH (normal send)	0.005 DASH
DASH (instant send)	0.01 DASH
Dai	0.5 DAI
Dogecoin	2 XDG
EOS	0.05 EOS
Ether	0.005 ETH
Ether Classic	0.005 ETC
Gnosis	0.005 GNO
ICON	0.02 ICX
Lisk	0.3 LSK
Litecoin	0.001 LTC
Monero	0.0001 XMR
Nano	0.05 NANO
OmiseGo	0.7 OMG
PAX Gold	0.0025 PAXG + 0.02% to Paxos
Qtum	0.01 QTUM
Ripple	0.02 XRP
Siacoin	1 SC
Stellar Lumens	0.00002 XLM
Tether USD	5 USDT
Tezos	0.2 XTZ
USD Coin	0.5 USDC
Watermelon	0.003 MLN
WAVES	0.02 WAVES
Zcash	0.0001 ZEC

Kraken’s crypto withdrawal charges may be checked here.

Kraken minimum withdrawal requirements

Fiat minimum withdrawals

If you want to withdraw fiat currency from your Kraken account you may only do so via bank and wire transfer, and the minimum amount that may be withdrawn is as follows:

Fiat Currency	Method	Minimum Withdrawal
Euro (EUR)	SEPA (Fidor) bank transfer	€5
British Pound (GBP)	BACS bank transfer	£100
US Dollar (USD)	Normal Fedwire transfer	US$20
Canadian Dollar (CAD)	EFT	CAD $50
Swiss Franc (CHF)	Bank Frick transfer	CHF 100
Japanese Yen (JPY)	SWIFT transfer	JPY 15,000

The minimum amounts that can be withdrawn will vary according to the methods used. You may check Kraken’s comprehensive list of fiat minimum withdrawals here together with the processing times.

Meanwhile, withdrawal limits (the max you may withdraw) depend on the type of verification you have eg. ‘Starter‘, ‘Intermediate‘ or ‘Pro‘. These withdrawal limits may be checked here.

Crypto-to-crypto minimum withdrawals

Again, in most cases, it is more efficient to withdraw using cryptocurrencies. The following table provides a breakdown of the minimum withdrawal requirements:

Cryptocurrencies	Minimum Withdrawal
Augur	0.05 REP
Basic Attention Token	10 BAT
Bitcoin	0.005 XBT
Bitcoin Cash	0.001 BCH
Cardano	1 ADA
Chainlink	1.4 LINK
Cosmos	1 ATOM
DASH (normal send)	0.01 DASH
DASH (instant send)	0.05 DASH
Dai	1 DAI
Dogecoin	50 XDG
EOS	0.5 EOS
Ether	0.01 ETH
Ether Classic	0.01 ETC
Gnosis	0.01 GNO
ICON	0.03 ICX
Lisk	1 LSK
Litecoin	0.01 LTC
Monero	0.01 XMR
Nano	0.1 NANO
OmiseGo	1 OMG
PAX Gold	0.005 PAXG
Qtum	0.01 QTUM
Ripple	25 XRP
Siacoin	2 SC
Stellar Lumens	25 XLM
Tether USD	10 USDT
Tezos	0.1 XTZ
USD Coin	1 USDC
Watermelon	0.1 MLN
WAVES	0.1 WAVES
Zcash	0.0005 ZEC

Kraken may change the minimum withdrawal requirements for crypto from time to time. You may check the minimum withdrawal requirements on Kraken’s website, here.

It is important to note that withdrawal limits (the max you may withdraw) depend on the type of verification you have eg. ‘Starter‘, ‘Intermediate‘ or ‘Pro‘. These withdrawal limits may be checked here.

Is Kraken safe to use?

Kraken is one of the oldest standing crypto exchanges that has withstood the test of time and has never been hacked since inception.

Kraken operates in a highly transparent manner releasing compliance reports and proof-of-reserve audits for users and the public to read. As a matter of fact, Kraken was also one of the first crypto exchanges to prove that it is keeping all its customers’ money is safe by administering a proof-of-reserves audit, a formal test to prove that all their money is where it should be.

Since inception, the security standing of Kraken was only challenged once, in 2016, after various claims surfaced concerning users’ personal accounts becoming compromised. Kraken had issued a petition to the FBI’s Cyber Crimes Division and after a month into the investigation, the exchange affirmed it was never compromised. Kraken had declared that users had lost their funds owing to man-in-the-middle actors and urged users to enable security features, such as two-factor authentication and the Global Settings Lock, which we will discuss further below, to restrict unfamiliar IP access.

Kraken asserts that clients are solely responsible for ensuring proper security features are enabled on their own accounts to prevent being personally compromised and strongly recommends that all clients take advantage of their exceptional security features.

Kraken has never been hacked, so how do its security features stack up with other crypto exchanges?

1. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)

Like many other respectable crypto exchanges that we have reviewed so far, Kraken also has a two-factor authentication system, although unlike other exchanges, where 2FA is optional, with Kraken it is mandatory.

2FA allows you to generate two security codes before accessing the platform and can be configured using the Authenticator App. If you need help setting up the Authenticator App for 2FA, click here.

2. Global Settings Lock (GSL)

The crypto exchange also have a ‘Global Settings Lock‘, which lets you set a lock on your account, which in turn must be unlocked before being able to perform any changes. This lock can only be opened after a pre-set day limit. So, if someone had to hack your account, they would not be able to immediately steal coins because they would first have to wait a certain number of pre-set days to pass, by which time you would be able to detect the issue and contact the Kraken customer support to recover their account.

Kraken explains the Global Settings Lock (GSL), when enabled, acts as the last line of defence if your login password and login 2FA are compromised.

The Global Settings Lock can be enabled on the Settings tab of the Kraken account, along with an option to set the waiting period for the unlock process. In addition to the Global Settings Lock, Kraken recommends to all of its users to create a strong password made up of characters which are difficult for potential hackers to crack.

To learn more about Kraken’s Global Settings Lock, click here.

3. Master Key setup and PGP/GPG encryption

Kraken also offers you the possibility to set up a Master Key, which is a security feature that prevents a password reset if your email account is compromised.

Setting up a Master Key is really simple. You may set one up by logging into your Kraken account and clicking on the Security tab, and then selecting the “On/Off” dial under “Master Key”.

For added security, the crypto exchange also offers PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) and GPG (Gnu Privacy Guard) public-key encryption, which has become the most popular standard for email encryption and signatures so that the receiver can verify both the identity of the sender and the integrity of the content.

PGP uses a private key that you must keep secret and a public-key that sender and receiver must share. 

4. Kraken stores user funds offline

On its website, Kraken claims that it places 95% of all deposits offline in air-gapped and geographically distributed cold storage.

5. Platform, information security and penetration testing

Kraken explains that sensitive account information at both the system and data level is encrypted whilst access is strictly controlled and monitored. The crypto exchange claims that servers reside in secure cages under 24/7 surveillance and code deployment are strictly controlled and that nothing ships without intensive review.

Additionally, Kraken runs a bug bounty program to leverage the expertise of the broader security research community.

6. But No FDIC insurance or SAFU!

At the time of writing this review, we noted that Kraken did not have any insurances in case of hacking and customer funds were compromised.

We note that other exchanges such as Binance and Coinbase have FDIC insurance. Furthermore, Binance has also set up a Secured Asset Fund for Users (referred to as a ‘SAFU’) so in case it is hacked, it would have funds in reserve to be able to compensate customers.

On its website, Kraken explains: “Cryptocurrency exchanges do not qualify for deposit insurance programs because exchanges are not savings institutions. Exchanges are not even meant to be cryptocurrency wallets.”

Kraken platform and tools

Kraken offers trading platforms for web, mobile, Windows, and Mac. There is also an app for both iOS and Android although it is not everyone’s cup of tea as users have identified several bugs on its mobile platform, although over time the app user experience is improving (and really and truly it boils down to individual tastes).  

The overall trading interface is divided into three different sections: ‘Simple‘, ‘Intermediate‘ and ‘Advanced‘.

As you may have figured out, these different sections provide a diverse (and complex) set of trading parameters, making Kraken suitable for traders with varying levels of experience.

In terms of platform features we highlight the following:

Staking services

In early December 2019, Kraken joined the likes of Coinbase and Binance in offering staking services, allowing users to stake Tezos in return for a fixed annual yield of 6%. Kraken’s announcement may be viewed here.

Margin trading and OTC services

Kraken offers without a doubt a top-notch platform for traders that includes spot and margin trading for more experienced users. Kraken’s interface offers plenty of services, but it perhaps is not the most beginner-friendly platform —something that is worth considering if you’re new to cryptocurrency.

For advanced traders ( who trade over $100K) Kraken offers Over The Counter (OTC) services may be assigned an account manager to take care of all their trading needs and requirements.

Institutional investor services

Kraken has moved into the institutional space offering services that are targetted to investment banks and hedge funds.

The exchange operates a dark pool, which is a private exchange allowing institutional investors the possibility to trade amongst each other without having trades publicised to the main exchange. Kraken also added cryptocurrency futures trading in February 2019.

Kraken Customer Support

Kraken’s website features an extensive support guide, covering everything you need. You will even find very useful step-by-step video guides!

If you do need to speak to someone, you may chat to a live customer service representative via the site’s built-in chat. We found the online chat service to be very fast and efficient although we have found many mixed reviews on the web.

Countries supported by Kraken

Kraken is mostly available worldwide, barring the following countries:

• Afghanistan
• Cuba
• Iran
• Iraq
• Japan
• North Korea
• Tajikistan

Kraken accepts U.S. users although residents of Washington state and New York are currently barred from using the service.

How to buy Bitcoin on Kraken?

If you want to buy Bitcoin or altcoins, the first thing you need to do is register with Kraken (although you need to be at least 18 years of age and as explained in the previous section reside in a country that Kraken supports.)

Open an account

1. Opening an account on Kraken is very simple. To do this, go to the Kraken homepage and click on ‘Create Account‘ (top right-hand side of the screen). Then you will be directed to the account registration page where you will have to enter your email, create a username and complex password that hackers hopefully won’t be able to crack. See Kraken’s password guidelines.

You may want to write your password on paper (in case you forget it) and store your password somewhere safe. Once you have done this you will need to select your country of residence and click “Create Account‘.

2. At this point, you should expect to receive an email from Kraken with an activation code. Input this code, your username, and your password and click ‘Active Account‘. You now have a registered Kraken account!

Get Verified

In the past, Kraken had different tiers (or levels) of verification (0-5). However, Kraken has simplified the verification process and now classifies users into three groups – ‘Starter‘, ‘Intermediate‘, and ‘Pro‘. These new verification systems are thoroughly explained on the website of Kraken, here.

The ‘Starter‘ level doesn’t require much proof. As a matter of fact, you do not even need to provide Kraken with an ID and proof of address to open a “Starter” account although the functionality would be much more limited and restricted at this level. The full verification requirements, at every stage or level, may be viewed here.

Setup Security

On your account screen, go to ‘Security’ then select ‘ Two Factor Authentication’ and then ‘Setup’. You may use Google Authenticator or Yubikey to create a second password. If you need help setting up the Authenticator App for 2FA, click here.

Get Trading

On your account screen simply go to ‘Funding’  and make a deposit. As mentioned above, you can fund your account with fiat currency via bank transfer or by transferring crypto you may have from third party crypto wallet or exchange. Now all you have to do is choose which cryptocurrencies you want to start trading with. Click on the ‘Trade’ tab followed by ‘New Order’. You will then be presented with three options for trading: ‘Simple‘, ‘Intermediate‘ and ‘Advanced‘.

As a newbie, we recommend you select ‘Simple‘. Kraken offers many different options for trading and it can get very complex. Once you become more familiar with the platform you can explore other options.

The next thing you need to do is choose the cryptocurrency you want to buy and how you’re going to buy it (i.e. using a limit or market order). Market orders are filled quickly but they are risky as the market can move against you. On the other hand, a limit order allows you to buy a cryptocurrency at a set price or better. For obvious reasons, we recommend you get used to limit orders.

Practice security

Never store your cryptocurrency for long periods of time on any exchange – not even Kraken. We recommend you store your crypto offline in cold storage. To do this, you need to look into hardware wallets such as Ledger and Trezor.

Our Verdict on Kraken

Kraken is a big platform with many useful features and top-notch trading tools, although the plethora of functions that you will need to become familiar with may come across as intimidating and confusing for beginners. This exchange is great if you’re an expert trader nonetheless.

Whilst Kraken may not be the most beginner-friendly crypto exchange, we believe newbies should not be disheartened and consider giving Kraken a try – after all, with patience and determination these issues can be overcome.

Kraken’s dedication to being the safest crypto exchange as well as its undisputed track record is another reason for considering Kraken – and when you consider the fees – it’s actually a really decently priced exchange.

Still have Questions? Or want to share your feedback on Kraken?

Let a CoinMarketExpert know

Scroll down to the ‘Leave a reply‘ section of the website and submit any questions or feedback you may have to us.

We will do our best to promptly answer any questions you may have about the exchange and to point you in the right direction.